President Donald Trump has repeatedly argued that birthright citizenship was never meant to apply broadly, claiming it was intended only for the “babies of slaves.”

Now, that argument is at the center of a major Supreme Court case that could reshape who is recognized as an American.

On Wednesday (April 1), the court will hear Trump v. Barbara, a challenge to Trump’s executive order seeking to limit automatic citizenship for children born in the U.S. to parents who are not citizens or lawful permanent residents. Lower courts have blocked the policy, but the justices are now being asked to weigh whether it aligns with the Constitution.

The case centers on the 14th Amendment, ratified in 1868 after the Civil War. Its citizenship clause states that all people born in the United States are citizens — a direct response to the Supreme Court’s Dred Scott v. Sandford decision, which denied Black Americans citizenship.

Trump and his allies argue that the amendment has been misinterpreted, pointing to language that says citizenship applies to those “subject to the jurisdiction” of the U.S. They contend that the clause does not extend to everyone born on American soil.

But legal historians and civil rights advocates say that interpretation ignores both the text and the broader purpose of the amendment — and echoes arguments that have been used before to exclude non-white groups from citizenship.

In filings submitted to the Supreme Court, historians note that opposition to birthright citizenship in the late 1800s was often rooted in efforts to deny citizenship to Black Americans and Chinese immigrants. Those same debates, they argue, were shaped by racialized claims about who should be considered part of the country — context that is resurfacing as the court revisits the issue today.

That connection is part of why some experts warn that the current push, while focused on immigrant families, cannot be viewed in isolation. Historians involved in the case say the 14th Amendment ultimately established a broad principle of citizenship — one that went beyond formerly enslaved people and rejected earlier attempts to limit citizenship along racial lines.

The potential impact is significant. Roughly 250,000 children born in the U.S. each year could be affected if the administration’s policy is upheld.

The case also comes as lawmakers debate the SAVE America Act, which would require proof of citizenship to register to vote in federal elections — part of a broader push around citizenship and eligibility despite no evidence of widespread noncitizen voting.

As the Supreme Court prepares to hear arguments, the stakes are not just about immigration policy.

The same constitutional amendment that affirmed Black Americans’ citizenship is now at the center of a legal fight over whether that definition can be narrowed.

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